Amphetastream. Amphetastream . 881K likes. 3 X 1mL Liquid LSD Vial – 5000ug. [sources 7], At normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased alertness, apprehension, concentration, initiative, self-confidence and sociability, mood swings (elated mood followed by mildly depressed mood), insomnia or wakefulness, and decreased sense of fatigue. [109][131] This is the opposite of pathological stimulant use, which induces decreased striatal DRD2 density. There is substantial variation in microbiome composition and microbial concentrations by anatomical site. [206] In one such example, a Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with nitroethane yields phenyl-2-nitropropene. [11], The prodrug lisdexamfetamine is not as sensitive to pH as amphetamine when being absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract;[181] following absorption into the blood stream, it is converted by red blood cell-associated enzymes to dextroamphetamine via hydrolysis. See more of Amphetameme on Facebook. [204] For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. [11] Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose. Further information on illicit amphetamine synthesis: Method 1: Synthesis by the Leuckart reaction, Method 2: Synthesis by Friedel–Crafts alkylation, Method 4: Synthesis via Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements, Method 5: Synthesis by Knoevenagel condensation, Method 6: Synthesis using phenylacetone and ammonia, Other neurotransmitters, peptides, hormones, and enzymes, Adderall and other mixed amphetamine salts products such as Mydayis are not. Amphetamines are psychostimulant drugs that abnormally speed up the functions of the brain and body. Amphetamine (Glass, Crystal, Speed) sind Substanzen, die synthetisch hergestellt werden und zum Teil auch in Medikamenten zu finden sind. [150][151] Subsequently, the cytosolic dopamine molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft via reverse transport at DAT. People who crush and inject a tablet may have blockages in their small blood vessels, as some of the components do not break down. 1, 2. [36] Upon entering the presynaptic neuron, amphetamine activates TAAR1 which, through protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, causes DAT phosphorylation. See more of Amphetameme on Facebook. [64], In 2015, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of high quality clinical trials found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, long-term episodic memory, inhibitory control, and some aspects of attention, in normal healthy adults;[65][66] these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D1 and adrenoceptor α2 in the prefrontal cortex. [36][57] Amphetamine affects serotonin via VMAT2 and, like norepinephrine, is thought to phosphorylate SERT via TAAR1. [156][154][155] Through direct activation of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels, TAAR1 reduces the firing rate of dopamine neurons, preventing a hyper-dopaminergic state. [207][208], A number of chiral resolutions have been developed to separate the two enantiomers of amphetamine. [26], Amphetamine is still illegally synthesized today in clandestine labs and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries. [sources 1], The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions. [219] Chromatographic methods specific for amphetamine are employed to prevent false positive results. [36][45][196] In humans, phenethylamine is produced directly from L-phenylalanine by the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme, which converts L-DOPA into dopamine as well. Amphetameme. In this occasional feature, members of the Psych Congress Steering Committee and faculty answer questions asked by attendees at Psych Congress meetings.. It can also speed up reaction times, increase muscle strength, and reduce fatigue. [38] The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable. [191], Similar to most biomolecules and other orally administered xenobiotics (i.e., drugs), amphetamine is predicted to undergo promiscuous metabolism by human gastrointestinal microbiota (primarily bacteria) prior to absorption into the blood stream. [232][233] In spite of strict government controls, amphetamine has been used legally or illicitly by people from a variety of backgrounds, including authors,[234] musicians,[235] mathematicians,[236] and athletes. [39][144] According to the same review, there is at least one trial that shows antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. [138][139] There is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans. I Bless The Memes Down In Africa. [209] Chiral resolution remains the most economical method for obtaining optically pure amphetamine on a large scale. Amphetamines are a group of central nervous system stimulants that include amphetamine, dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine. [168][169], The full profile of amphetamine's short-term drug effects in humans is mostly derived through increased cellular communication or neurotransmission of dopamine,[36] serotonin,[36] norepinephrine,[36] epinephrine,[150] histamine,[150] CART peptides,[4][163] endogenous opioids,[170][171][172] adrenocorticotropic hormone,[173][174] corticosteroids,[173][174] and glutamate,[154][159] which it effects through interactions with CART, 5-HT1A, EAAT3, TAAR1, VMAT1, VMAT2, and possibly other biological targets. Add to Wishlist. Not Now. Those who use mixed amphetamine salts, however, were more likely to continue with the treatment. LXXII. [note 16][149], In general, there is no significant interaction when consuming amphetamine with food, but the pH of gastrointestinal content and urine affects the absorption and excretion of amphetamine, respectively. Adderall is a medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. [sources 13] Animal models of neurotoxicity from high-dose amphetamine exposure indicate that the occurrence of hyperpyrexia (i.e., core body temperature ≥ 40 °C) is necessary for the development of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. [139] Prolonged elevations of brain temperature above 40 °C likely promote the development of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in laboratory animals by facilitating the production of reactive oxygen species, disrupting cellular protein function, and transiently increasing blood–brain barrier permeability. [27] Inhibitors of enzymes that metabolize amphetamine (e.g., CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong its elimination half-life, meaning that its effects will last longer. Methamphetamine is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system. Amphetamine sulphate, or speed, is also used for recreational and non-medical purposes. [96][108][118] Sufficiently overexpressing ΔJunD in the nucleus accumbens with viral vectors can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB). [109][108][122] Since both natural rewards and addictive drugs induce the expression of ΔFosB (i.e., they cause the brain to produce more of it), chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological state of addiction. [27][38][86] Sexual side effects in males may include erectile dysfunction, frequent erections, or prolonged erections. [205][206] The most common route of both legal and illicit amphetamine synthesis employs a non-metal reduction known as the Leuckart reaction (method 1). Log In. There is evidence that amphetamine use to treat ADHD could slow growth in children. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. Amphetamines are stimulant drugs that speed up the central nervous system. A person with narcolepsy will experience excessive daytime sleepiness and irresistible sleep episodes, called “sleep attacks.”. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. [34][27][83] These agencies indicate that people who have experienced allergic reactions to other stimulants or who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should not take amphetamine,[34][27][83] although safe concurrent use of amphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors has been documented. In television. Transcription factors are proteins that increase or decrease the. Also known as meth, blue, ice, and crystal, among many other terms, it takes the form of a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol. simps assemble. [109][122], The effects of amphetamine on gene regulation are both dose- and route-dependent. Cochrane reviews are high quality meta-analytic systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. [194] This enzyme was found to metabolize amphetamine, tyramine, and phenethylamine with roughly the same binding affinity for all three compounds. Sehr beliebt als Partydroge ist auch Ecstasy, ein Amphetamin-Abkömmling, der meist MDMA (= Methylendioxymethamphetamin) enthält. [114] The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human therapeutic doses and oral administration show that these changes, if they occur, are relatively minor. Stereochemical course of the reaction", "Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism", Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO, "Chapter 1: Use and Misuse of Amphetamines: An International Overview", "Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release", "Guidelines on the Use of International Nonproprietary Names (INNS) for Pharmaceutical Substances", "National Drug Code Amphetamine Search Results", "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity", "Amphetamine-induced psychosis—a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? Speed enthält in der Regel Amphetamin, Methamphetamin sowie Ephedrin (ein Alkaloid aus der Pflanzen-Gattung Ephedra), Koffein und Verschnittstoffe (z. 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